JSS 2: SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

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           SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
Separation techniques are physical methods used for the separation of the constituents of a mixture. 

      Types of Separation techniques 

The types of separation techniques are: 

1. Sieving

2. Filtration 

3. Sublimation 

4. Decantation 

5. Separating funnel 

6. Evaporation 

7. Chromatography

8. Magnetic separation

9. Distillation 

10. Fractional distillation 

11. Centrifugation

12. Crystallization 

13. Fractional crystallization

Sieving is used to separate solid particles of different sizes. Particles smaller than the size of the sieve (mesh) pass through leaving behind particles of larger sizes. It is used in gold and diamond mines and garri industries.

This method is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids using a filter. For example, a mixture of chalk particles in water can be separated using a filtration technique. Filtration is used in industries such as water purification plants and breweries.

Sublimation is a process whereby solid changes directly to gas without passing through the liquid state.

Sublimation is a separation technique used to separate solids which sublime from other solids.The pure crystal recovered is the sublimate.

Examples of substances that can sublime include:

(I) Iodine

(II) Ammonium chloride.

Decantation is a separation technique used to separate a mixture containing an insoluble solid from a liquid by gently pouring off the liquid.

Separating funnel method is used to separate immiscible liquids. It depends on the densities of the two liquids. The less dense will be on top and the denser below. It is used to separate water and kerosene.

Evaporation is used to recover soluble solute from its solvent. For example, salt can be separated from salt solution by evaporation.

Paper chromatography is one of the methods used to separate the different components of a mixture, especially coloured substances such as dyes and inks.

               MAGNETIC SEPARATION
Magnetic Separation involves the use of magnet to separate magnetic substance from non-magnetic particles. This method is used in the steel industry and to remove magnetic impurities from tin ore

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