SSS 1: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

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CHEMISTRY is a branch of pure science that deals with the study of the nature, structure, composition, properties, and uses of matter. The scientist who studies chemistry is called a CHEMIST 

           BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY 

The four main branches of chemistry are 

1. Physical chemistry 

2. Organic chemistry 

3. Inorganic chemistry 

4. Analytical chemistry 

Physical chemistry deals with the physical aspects of chemistry such as quantum theory, heat, electricity, etc.

Organic chemistry deals with the study of carbon and its compounds

Inorganic chemistry deals with the study of elements, their properties, and uses

Analytical chemistry: is a branch of chemistry that focuses on identifying, separating, and quantifying chemical substances. Analytical chemistry is divided into two which are:

(a) Qualitative analysis

(b) Quantitative analysis 

Qualitative analysis: It is used to determine which substances or ions are present in a chemical substance 

Quantitative analysis: It shows the amount or concentration of a particular substance present in a chemical substance.

REASONS FOR STUDYING CHEMISTRY

The reasons for studying chemistry are: 

1. To acquire knowledge about the matter

2. To give training in the scientific method

3. To meet basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, health, etc

4. To provide solutions to problems

5. To explore new things which are unknown to mankind. 

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The scientific method is also known as scientific discovery. It is defined as a way of studying problems objectively to establish facts through testing and experimentation.

The scientific methods include:

1. Observation 

2. Hypothesis 

3. Experiment 

4. Theory 

5. Scientific law or principle.

Observation: Observation involves the use of senses to perceive what is happening in the environment.

Hypothesis: Hypothesis means to put forward a reasonable explanation for an observation.

Experiment: The experiment is a scientific procedure undertaken to demonstrate a known fact.

Theory: Theory is a set of principles on which the practice of an identity is based. A theory is established when a hypothesis has been tested and found to be correct within the limited available evidence.

Scientific law: Scientific law is a statement that confirms the hypothesis after extensive tests. A theory that has been extensively tested and proven correct without any exception becomes a scientific law.

USES OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry has contributed greatly toward providing our basic needs and improving the quality of life through: 

1. Provision of food I.e through the use of fertilizer, herbicides, and insecticides in agriculture to boost crop production

2. Provision of clothing with the help of man-made textile fibers.

3. Provision of modern means of transportation

4. Provision of drugs and other medical usages

5. Provision of modern-day housing materials.

6. Provision of military ammunition

7. Provision of knowledge in space science

CAREER PROSPECT IN CHEMISTRY

There is a wide range of career opportunities for those who study chemistry at any level. Individuals can choose a career from different fields such as

1. Science education

2. Pharmaceuticals or drug development.

3. Mining and metallurgy

4. Chemical engineering

5. Petroleum and petrochemical engineering

6. Medicine and Surgery

7. Quality control

8. Medical analysis/ Forensic medicine.

9. Environmental Chemistry

10. Science laboratory technology

11. Biochemistry etc.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CHEMISTRY

The adverse effects of chemistry include

1.Rusting

2.Pollution

3.Drug abuse

Rusting is also known as corrosion of iron. It is defined as the interaction of Iron with air and water to produce rust

Features of rusting  

  • Rusting is an oxidation process 
  • Rusting of iron takes place in the presence of oxygen and moisture
  • the rust formed is reddish-brown
  • the major constituent of rust is hydrated iron (lll) oxide (Fe2O3)
  • rusting is similar to burning

Prevention of rusting 

Ways of preventing rusting include:

1. Alloying

2. Galvanization

3. Electroplating

4. Cathodic protection

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