CHEMISTRY

Electrode Potential is the potential difference set up between a metal and the solution of its salt.         When a metal is dipped into a solution containing its ions, there is a tendency for ions to move between the metal and the solution. This creates an electric potential difference between the metal and its ionic solution called the electrode potential.        The redox potential of a metal is the e.m.f which is measured in volt          The following equilibrium is established when a metal is dipped into a solution containing its ions. Metal(s)  ⇌ Metal ion  + electron   M(s)       ⇌      M⁺        +      e⁻ (plate)          (solution)      (plate)               Metal ions/ metal system                 ...

                        ELECTROLYSIS  Electrolysis  can be defined as the process by which a solution or a molten substance is broken down into its components parts by the passage of electric current.               A simple electrolytic cell Electrolytic cell is an assembly of two electrodes in an electrolyte. It is used for the electrolysis of a substance             Basic Terms in Electrolysis 1. Electrolyte : A solution of acids, bases, salts or substances in molten state that can conducts electricity and is decomposed by it.                   Types of electrolytes There are two types of electrolytes namely: (a) Strong electrolytes  (b) Weak electrolytes Strong Electrolytes These are substances that completely dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, all...

                Relative Atomic Mass The Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) of an element is the average mass of its atoms compared with one-twelfth (¹/₁₂) of the mass of one atom of carbon-12. The carbon-12 isotope (¹²C) is used as the standard for measuring atomic masses. Relative atomic mass of an element  = average mass of one atom of element     ¹/₁₂ × the mass one carbon -12 atom                     Relative Moleculer Mass Relative Molecular Mass ( RMM ), also called Molecular Weight, is the sum of the relative atomic masses (RAM) of all the atoms present in a molecule. The RMM has no unit (it’s a ratio). It shows how heavy a molecule is compared to ¹/₁₂  of the mass of one atom of carbon-12 (¹²C). Examples: 1. Water (H=1, O=16)  H₂O = (2 × H) + (1 × O)          = (2 × 1) + (16)          = 18 ...

                              Atom An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.                 Components of an atom An atom has two main parts: I. The nucleus (made of proton and neutron) II. The shells (electrons) which surrounds the nucleus at definite distance.                   Structure of an atom                    Sub-particles of an atom An atom is made up of three sub-particles namely: I. Proton II. Electron III. Neutron  Proton and neutron are the nuclear particles found in the nucleus, while the electrons are in constant and continuous motion in the shells at various energy levels around the nucleus.         Characteristics of the sub-particles  ...