JSS 3: ORBITALS
An orbital is a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons can be found
Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It consists of a nucleus at the center, which contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus in shells.
Sub-particles of an atom
The sub-particles of an atom are:
I. Proton
II. Electron
III. Neutron
Types of orbitals
The different types of orbitals are:
I. s-orbital
II. p-orbital
III. d-orbital
IV. f-orbital
S-orbital
I. S-orbitals are spherical in shape
II. They contain maximum of two electrons
III. They have the lowest energy level in any given shell
P-orbital
I. P-orbitals are dumb-bell in shape
II. They contain maximum of six electrons
III. There are three types of p-orbitals Px, Py and Pz
D-orbital
I. D-orbitals are double dumb-bell in shape
II. They contain maximum of ten electrons
III. There are five types of d-orbitals
F-orbital
I. F-orbital has complex lobed shape
II. They contain maximum of fourteen electrons.
III. There are seven types of f-orbitals
Electronic configurations
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom.
1s 2s 3s 4s 5s...
2p 3p 4p 5p...
3d 4d 5d...
4f 5f ...
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s...
Examples:
Write the electronic configurations of the following elements:
I. Hydrogen (1H)
II.Sodium (11Na)
III. Calcium (20Ca)
Solution:
I. Hydrogen: 1s1
II. Sodium: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
III. Calcium: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Electron shell
Electron shell is the orbit that electrons follow around the nucleus of an atom.
The different types of electron shells are: K, L, M, N,...shells.
The closest shell to the nucleus is the K shell
Energy sublevels
Energy sublevels are the divisions within energy levels of an atom. They are designated by the letters s, p, d, and f.
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