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JSS 1: ACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS

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The activity series (reactivity series) is a list of metals arranged in order of their ability to displace hydrogen from water or acids. The activity series is arranged in descending order of reactivity. Highly reactive metals appear at the top, while less reactive metals are placed lower in the series. Arrangement of metals in the activity series   Potassium (k) Sodium (Na) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminium (Al) Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb) Hydrogen (H) Copper (Cu) Mercury (Hg) Silver (Ag) Gold (Au) A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its compound in solution. Example: Zinc displaces copper from Copper sulphate solution: Zn + CuSO 4   → ZnSO 4  + Cu Uses of reactivity series 1. It helps to predict the behavior of metals in chemical reactions. 2. It is used to determine the methods to be used in the extraction of metals 3. Knowledge of reactivity helps in choosing metals for galvanization 4. The activity series helps in ...
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SSS 2: THE PERIODIC TABLE

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The periodic table....
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SSS 1: NATURE OF MATTER

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Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Examples of matter include; Air, water, rocks, plants, animals, and even people.  Matter is made up of one or more of the following: atoms, molecules, and ions.                  STATES OF MATTER   Matter exists in three different major states which are  1. Solid state  2. Liquid state   3. Gaseous state              PROPERTIES OF MATTER    The properties of matter can be grouped into two namely  1. Physical properties  2. Chemical properties          Physical properties of matter   Physical properties are properties that are associated with physical changes. The common physical properties include  1. Boiling point  2. Melting point  3. Density  4. Hardness  5. Malleability  6. Crystalline form etc  It also includes ...
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SSS 1: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

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CHEMISTRY  is a branch of pure science that deals with the study of the nature, structure, composition, properties, and uses of matter. The scientist who studies chemistry is called a CHEMIST             BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY  The three main branches of chemistry are  1. Physical chemistry  2. Organic chemistry  3. Inorganic chemistry  Physical chemistry  deals with the physical aspects of chemistry such as quantum theory, heat, electricity, etc. Organic chemistry  deals with the study of carbon and its compounds Inorganic chemistry  deals with the study of elements, their properties, and uses REASONS FOR STUDYING CHEMISTRY The reasons for studying chemistry are:  1. To acquire knowledge about the matter 2. To give training in the scientific method 3. To meet basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, health, etc 4. To provide solutions to problems 5. To explore new...
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SSS 2: Sulphur and its compounds

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Sulphur  is a chemical element. It has symbol  S. Atomic number of Sulphur=16 Atomic mass of Sulphur=32 Electronic configuration=1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4 Under normal conditions, sulphur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula  S 8 .  Sulphur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature. It makes up about 0.1% of the earth crust. It is widely found in combined state as sulphide of iron, zinc, lead, copper and mercury. It is also found in some proteins.                   Extraction of Sulphur Most of the world's sulphur is obtained from the underground deposits. The process involved in the extraction of Sulphur from the underground is known as FRASCH PROCESS.                  Allotropes of Sulphur  The two or more forms of same element having similar chemical properties but different physical...
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SSS 1: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (I)

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Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Apart from the main element, carbon, organic compounds may contain hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen, halogens, phosphorus, and sulphur. Organic compounds are covalent.                           Catenation  Catenation is the combination of the atoms of an element to form straight, branched, or ring-chain compounds. Examples of elements that can catenate include carbon, silicon, boron, and sulphur.            Hybridization in a carbon atom Hybridization is the mixing of two or more orbitals of the same principal quantum number to give new sets of orbitals that are exactly equivalent. The new orbitals are known as hybrid orbitals.                Hybridization of carbon                         ...
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SSS 1: Hydrocarbon

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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only. All hydrocarbons have the general molecular formula of C x H y Examples of hydrocarbons include methane[ CH 4 ], ethene[C 2 H 4 ], ethyl[ C 2 H 2 ], benzene[ C 6 H 6 ], etc  Hydrocarbons are classified into two main groups according to their structure. 1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons  2. Aromatic hydrocarbons                                Sources of hydrocarbons  The natural sources of hydrocarbons are: 1. Natural gas 2. Crude oil (Petroleum) 3. Coal They are known as fossil fuels. •Natural gas is a gaseous fuel •Petroleum is a dark viscous liquid fuel •Coal is a solid fuel                  Crude oil (Petroleum) Crude oil  is a dark and sticky viscous liquid found in the underground. It contains hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, etc....
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SSS2: Chlorine and its compounds

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Chlorine is the most important element in the halogen family. It does not occur as a free element in nature because it is too reactive. It is usually found in the combined state as chlorides e.g. NaCl. Which is found in the sea and as salt deposits. Atomic mass =35.5  Atomic number = 17  Electronic configuration= 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5  OR [Ne]3s 2 3p 5           Electronic shell configuration  The nucleus contains 17   protons   and 18 neutrons  There are two stable isotopes of chlorine. They are  37 Cl  and  35 Cl. Chlorine has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, the cosmogenic isotope,  36 Cl . A Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, discovered chlorine in 1774. A.  Laboratory preparation of chlorine   The laboratory method for the preparation of chlorine: 1. Using manganese (IV) oxide. Heat a mixture of Manganese(IV) oxide and concentrated HCl. T...
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