SSS 1: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

-
                      Chemical Industry
The chemical industry is an industry that applies chemical processes to convert raw materials into useful chemical products.
                  Important Raw Materials
The major raw materials used in the chemical industry include:
1. Petroleum
2. Natural gas
3. Coal
4. Air
5. Seawater
6. Limestone
7. Metallic ores (e.g., iron ore)
8. Sulphur
9. Rock salt

                 Heavy and Fine Chemicals

A. Heavy Chemicals

Heavy chemicals are substances produced in large quantities and widely used in industrial processes.
Examples of heavy chemicals include:
1. Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H₂SO₄)
2. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
3. Trioxonitrate (V) acid (HNO₃)
4. Calcium trioxocarbonate (IV) (CaCO₃)
5. Caustic soda (NaOH)
6. Slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂)
7. Metals (e.g., iron, copper, tin, aluminium, zinc)
8. Bleaching powder (CaOCl₂)
9. Caustic potash (KOH)
10. Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) (Na₂CO₃)

B. Fine Chemicals

Fine chemicals are substances produced in small quantities, usually for specific purposes, and with a high level of purity.
Examples of fine chemicals include:
1. Drugs
2. Dyes
3. Laboratory reagents
4. Perfumes
5. Photographic reagents
6. Additives
7. Cosmetics etc

Classification of the Chemical Industry

The chemical industry can be classified into the following major sectors:
1. Fertilizer industry
2. Plastic industry
3. Cement industry
4. Glass industry
5. Pharmaceutical industry
6. Ceramic industry

1. Fertilizer Industry

The fertilizer industry is responsible for producing fertilizers used to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The three essential nutrients required for plant growth are:

a. Nitrogen (N)
b. Phosphorus (P)
c. Potassium (K)
               Raw Materials Used
(i).Ammonium compounds (source of nitrogen)
 Examples: Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate
(ii). Phosphate rock (source of phosphorus)
(iii). Potassium salts (source of potassium)

The composition of fertilizers is usually expressed as NPK values, indicating the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium present.
In addition, small amounts of trace elements such as zinc, boron, copper, and molybdenum may be added depending on soil requirements.

2. Plastic Industry
The plastic industry produces synthetic materials used in various applications.

Main Sources of Raw Materials:
a. Coal
b. Limestone
c. Cellulose
d. Molasses

                     Types of Plastics
Plastics are broadly classified into two types:
a. Thermoplastics
b. Thermoset 

a. Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics soften when heated and can be remoulded repeatedly.
Examples:
(i). Polythene
(ii). Polypropene
(iii). Polystyrene
(iv). Nylon
(v). Terylene
(vi). Perspex

b. Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)
Thermosets cannot be softened or remelted once they have been moulded.
Examples:
(i). Bakelite
(ii). Urea-methanal
(iii). Polyurethane

          Categories of Plastic Products
The plastic industry can also be divided into:
(i). Plastic bags
(ii). Household and kitchen wares
(iii) Industrial plastic supplies
(iv) Miscellaneous items

3. Cement Industry

The cement industry produces cement used in construction.
Raw Materials:
a. Clay
b. Calcium oxide (powdered lime)

Cement is manufactured by heating a mixture of powdered lime and clay. When mixed with water, it forms mortar, which is used to bind bricks and stones together and hardens over time.

4. Glass Industry
The glass industry produces glass from naturally occurring materials.
Raw Materials:
a. Sand (silica, SiO₂)
b. Soda (sodium trioxocarbonate (IV), Na₂CO₃)
c. Limestone (calcium trioxocarbonate (IV), CaCO₃)

These materials are melted together in a furnace to form glass.

                       Annealing
Annealing is the process of heating a material (such as metal or glass) to a high temperature and then allowing it to cool slowly to reduce internal stress and increase durability.
In glass production, annealing is carried out in a continuous furnace known as a lehr.

                    Types of Glass
Glass can be classified into the following types:
A. Lime-soda glass (ordinary glass)
B. Flint glass
C. Heat-resistant glass
D. Coloured glass

A. Lime-Soda Glass (Ordinary Glass)

Lime-soda glass is the most common type of glass. It is produced from a mixture of silica (SiO₂), washing soda (Na₂CO₃), and limestone (CaCO₃).
Uses:
(i). Drinking glasses
(ii). Plates
(iii).Mirrors
(iv). General household items

B. Flint Glass

Flint glass contains lead(II) silicate (trioxosilicate (IV) of lead). 
It has a high refractive index, which makes it suitable for optical applications.
Uses:
(i). Glass prisms
(ii). Achromatic lenses

C. Heat-Resistant Glass

Heat-resistant glass (e.g., borosilicate glass) is composed of: About 80% silicon(IV) oxide (SiO₂), About 12% boron(III) oxide (B₂O₃) and 
Small amounts of sodium oxide and aluminium oxide.

It has a high softening point and a low coefficient of expansion, making it resistant to thermal shock.
Uses:
(i). Laboratory apparatus
(ii). Cooking utensils
(iii). Pyrex ware

D. Coloured Glass
Coloured glass is produced by adding small quantities of suitable metallic compounds to molten glass.

     Preparation of Coloured Glass
To obtain different colours, metal oxides that form coloured silicates are added during production.
Examples:
(i). Copper oxide → light blue
(ii). Cobalt oxide → deep blue
(iii). Iron oxide → green or brown

5. Pharmaceutical Industry
The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for the production of drugs used for the treatment and prevention of diseases.
Examples:
(i). Quinine – used for treating malaria
(ii). Insulin – used for treating diabetes

Many drugs are also derived from plant extracts with medicinal properties.

6. Ceramics Industry

The ceramics industry produces materials used in pottery, tiles, and other heat-resistant products.

Raw Materials:
a. Silica
b. Oxides of metals (e.g., magnesium, aluminium, titanium, boron).

The raw materials are finely ground, and impurities are removed before processing.

                 Industrial Processes
Several important industrial processes are used in chemical production:

1. Haber Process: Production of ammonia (NH₃) from nitrogen and hydrogen

2. Solvay Process: Production of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) (Na₂CO₃) from limestone (CaCO₃) and sodium chloride (NaCl)

3. Contact Process: Production of sulphur(VI) oxide (SO₃) from sulphur(IV) oxide (SO₂) and oxygen (O₂)

4. Frasch Process: Extraction of sulphur from underground deposits

5. Acheson Process: Industrial production of graphite

6. Bosch Process: Production of hydrogen from water gas (CO + H₂)

7. Downs Process: Production of sodium metal by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride

8. Leblanc Process: Production of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) (Na₂CO₃)

9. Bayer Process: Extraction of aluminium oxide (alumina) from bauxite using hot caustic soda under pressure

10. Bessemer Process: Production of steel from pig iron

11. Thermit Process: Reduction of iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) to molten iron

12. Lead Chamber Process: Production of sulphuric acid

13. Fermentation Process: Production of ethanol.

                     

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

SSS 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

-
Image
                              Atom An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.                 Components of an atom An atom has two main parts: I. The nucleus (made of proton and neutron) II. The shells (electrons) which surrounds the nucleus at definite distance.                   Structure of an atom                    Sub-particles of an atom An atom is made up of three sub-particles namely: I. Proton II. Electron III. Neutron  Proton and neutron are the nuclear particles found in the nucleus, while the electrons are in constant and continuous motion in the shells at various energy levels around the nucleus.         Characteristics of the sub-particles  ...
Read more

SSS 1: CURRICULUM

-
Image
     FIRST TERM   WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY WEEK 2: NATURE OF MATTER WEEK 3: SEPARATION TECHNIQUES WEEK 4: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER (1) WEEK 5: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER (2) WEEK 6: C.A WEEK 7: ATOMIC STRUCTURE  WEEK 8: CHEMICAL COMBINATION (BONDING) WEEK 9: KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER (I) WEEK 10: REVISION WEEK 11: EXAMINATION  WEEK 12: EXAMINATION  WEEK 13: RESULT/CLOSING                SECOND TERM  WEEK 1: KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER (II) WEEK 2: CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS (I) WEEK 3: CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS (II) WEEK 4: ACIDS WEEK 5: BASES AND ALKALIS WEEK 6: FIRST C.A WEEK 7: SALTS WEEK 8: PH AND POH WEEK 9: HYDROCARBON WEEK 10: REVISION WEEK 11: EXAMINATION  WEEK 12: EXAMINATION  WEEK 13: RESULT/CLOSING                 THIRD TERM  WEEK 1: INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY WEEK 2: KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER (III) WEEK 3: RADIOACTIVITY WEEK...
Read more

SSS 1: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER (II)

-
Image
                Relative Atomic Mass The Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) of an element is the average mass of its atoms compared with one-twelfth (¹/₁₂) of the mass of one atom of carbon-12. The carbon-12 isotope (¹²C) is used as the standard for measuring atomic masses. Relative atomic mass of an element  = average mass of one atom of element     ¹/₁₂ × the mass one carbon -12 atom                     Relative Moleculer Mass Relative Molecular Mass ( RMM ), also called Molecular Weight, is the sum of the relative atomic masses (RAM) of all the atoms present in a molecule. The RMM has no unit (it’s a ratio). It shows how heavy a molecule is compared to ¹/₁₂  of the mass of one atom of carbon-12 (¹²C). Examples: 1. Water (H=1, O=16)  H₂O = (2 × H) + (1 × O)          = (2 × 1) + (16)          = 18 ...
Read more