SSS1: Industrial chemistry

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                      Chemical industry 
A chemical industry is defined as one that uses chemistry to make chemicals from other chemical raw materials.
              Important raw materials 
The important raw materials used in the chemical industry include:
1. Petroleum 
2. Natural gas 
3. Coal 
4. Air 
5. Seawater 
6. Limestone 
7. Metallic ore e.g. Iron ore 
8. Sulphur 
9. Rock salt 
              Heavy and fine chemicals 
Heavy chemicals: 
Heavy chemicals are chemicals that are produced in large quantities and used extensively in industries.
Examples of heavy chemicals are:
1. Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid, [H2SO4]

2. Hydrochloric acid, [HCl]

3. Trioxonitrate (V) acid, [HNO3]

4. Calciumtrioxocarbonate (IV), [CaCO3]
5. Caustic soda, [NaOH]
6. Slaked lime, [Ca(OH)2]
7. Metals e.g. Iron, Copper, Tin, Aluminum, Zinc, etc 
8. Bleaching powder, [CaOCl2]
9. Caustic potash, [KOH]
10. Sodiumtrioxocarbonate (IV), [Na2CO3] etc 
                       Fine chemicals
Fine chemicals are chemicals produced in small quantities for specific purposes and to a high degree of purity.
Examples of fine chemicals are:
1. Drugs 
2. Dyes 
3. Laboratory reagents
4. Perfumes 
5. Photographic reagents 
6. Additives 
7. Cosmetics etc 

  Classification of the chemical industry 
The different types of chemical industries are: 
1. Fertilizer industry 
2. Plastic industry 
3. Cement industry 
4. Glass industry 
5. Pharmaceutical industry 
6. Ceramic Industry 
                     Fertilizer industry 
The fertilizer industry produces fertilizers needed to increase crop yield. Three important elements are needed in a suitable form. They are Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium.
The raw materials used in the production of fertilizer are:
1. Ammonium compounds 
e.g. Ammonium nitrate, Ammonium sulphate, etc as a source of nitrogen.
2. Phosphate rock as a source of phosphorus 
3. Potassium salt.
The proportions in which they are mixed are usually given as the NPK values. In many cases, small quantities of trace elements e.g. Zinc, boron, copper, and molybdenum are added depending on their need in some countries.
                        Plastic industry 
The four main sources of raw materials for the plastic and synthetic organic chemical industries are :
I.    Coal 
II.   Limestone 
III. Cellulose 
IV. Molasses 
                       Types of plastics 
Plastics are divided into two:
1. Thermoplastics 
2. Thermosets 
                       Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics can be softened easily by heat and remoulded. e.g. 
I. Polythene 
II. Polypropene 
III. Polystyrene 
IV. Nylon 
V. Terylene 
VI. Perspex 
                         Thermosets 
Thermosets cannot be easily softened or melted by heat and remoulded once they are formed or set. e.g.
I.    Bakelite 
II.   Urea-methanal 
III.  Polyurethane 
The plastic industry is divided into four categories:
I. Plastic bags 
II. Household and kitchen wares 
III. Industrial plastic supplies 
IV. Miscellaneous items 
              Cement industry 
The most important raw materials for making cement are:
I. Clay 
II. Calcium oxide(powdered lime)
Cement is produced by heating a mixture of powdered lime and clay. When mixed with water, it can be used to fasten stones and bricks together. The mixture called mortar hardens like a stone.
                 Glass industry 
The important raw materials for making glass are:
I. Sand (Silica, SiO2)
II. Soda (Na2CO3)
III. Limestone (CaCO3)
The raw materials are melted in a furnace.
Annealing: Annealing is the process of heating metal to red-hot and allowing it to cool slowly in the furnace or soaked in ash. It is done to soften metals.
Glass is annealed in a continuous furnace called LEHRS.
                     Types of Glass 
1. Lime-soda glass (Ordinary glass)
2. Flint glass 
3. Heat-resistant glass 
4. Coloured glass
        Lime-soda glass 
Lime-soda glass is also called ordinary glass because it is made from a mixture of silica, washing soda, and limestone. It is used in making drinking glass cups, plates, mirrors, etc 
       Flint glass 
Flint glass contains trioxosilicate(IV) of lead. It has a high refractive index. It is used in glass prism and achromatic lenses.
      Heat resistance glass 
It contains about 80% of silicon(IV)oxide, 12% of boron(III) oxide, and a small amount of sodium and aluminium oxide. It has a higher softening point and a lower coefficient of expansion than ordinary glass. It is used for making: 
I. Laboratory apparatus 
II. Cooking utensils 
III. Pyrex 
      Coloured glass 
The different colours of glass are produced by the addition of small quantities of suitable metallic compounds to molten glass.
       How to make coloured glass 
To make coloured glass, small quantities of oxides of metals that form coloured silicates are often added to the reaction mixture e.g. Copper oxide (light blue), Cobalt oxide (deep blue), Iron oxide (green or brown), etc 
           Pharmaceutical industry 
The pharmaceutical industry produces drugs such as :
1. Quinine: for treating malaria 
2. Insulin: for treating diabetes
Many plant extracts are known to have some medical properties.
             Ceramics industry 
The raw materials used in the ceramic industry include :
I. Silica 
II. Oxides of some metals e.g. magnesium, aluminium, titanium, boron, etc The raw materials are ground to a consistency, and mineral impurities are removed.
             Industrial processes 
1. Haber process: production of ammonia(NH3) from the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen 
2. Solvay process: Production of washing soda (Na2CO3) ) from limestone (CaCO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl)
3. Contact process: Production of sulphur(VI)oxide (SO3) ) from the reaction between sulphur (IV)oxide (SO2) and oxygen (O2)
4. Frasch process: Process of Extracting sulphur from an underground deposit 
5. Acheson process: Industrial production of graphite 
6. Bosch process: Production of hydrogen from water-gas (CO + H2 )
7. Down process: Production of sodium metal by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride 
8. Leblanc process: Production of trioxocarbonate (IV)
9. Bayer process: Process used to extract aluminum oxide(alumina) by treating powdered bauxite with hot caustic soda solution under pressure 
10. Bessemer process: Process of making steel from pig iron 
12. Thermit process: Process involved in the reduction of iron(III)oxide(Fe2O3) to molten iron 
13. Lead-chamber process: Process used in producing sulphuric acid 
14. Fermentation process: the process involved in the production of ethanol

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